Written by David Caldwell · 27 June 2025

The Forgotten Roots of Halloween From Sacred Fire to Spectral Folklore

Halloween, once the most important social festival of the Scottish year, has undergone an extraordinary transformation. Once woven deeply into the seasonal, spiritual, and communal life of the Celtic world, it is now widely known as a night of costumes, candy, and cartoonish horror. But beneath the pumpkins and plastic fangs lies a forgotten history rich in firelit rituals, ancient divination, and enduring folk memory.

A Sacred Time: Samhain and the Fire Festivals

Long before Christianity reached Britain, the Celts marked the year with sacred fire festivals. The most important of these was Samhain, observed at the end of October. It was the final harvest, the beginning of winter, and the night when the veil between worlds was thinnest.

Fires were extinguished and rekindled on hilltop cairns and carns across Scotland and Ireland. In Arran, cairns and stone circles were arranged in view of each other, forming a sacred landscape where fire rituals were carried out under Druidic supervision. These ceremonies served both a practical and spiritual purpose: they marked the turning of the year and rekindled hearths with holy flame.

In Wales, November fires were kindled in honour of the moon. In Ireland, this was the night to settle accounts with the druids. In every case, the fire was central, a sign of both purification and renewal.

On the remote island of St Kilda, Halloween was once marked by a silent and solemn ritual to the sea god Shoney. Villagers would wade into the dark surf bearing ale as an offering, praying that Shoney would grant them a fruitful harvest and safe passage through the coming winter. This rite of supplication echoes older Celtic and pre-Celtic traditions, where natural forces were personified and appeased. Some antiquarians drew parallels between these customs and ancient Middle Eastern fire festivals, such as those honouring Belus (or Bel), a sun and fertility deity worshipped by the Druids and linked to both Beltane and Samhain. In both cases, whether invoking a god of sea or of fire, Halloween was once a night of serious spiritual transaction, not fear, but reverence.

The Divining Night

By the 18th century, these ancient fire rites had transformed into domestic folk rituals, but the themes remained. Halloween became a night of divination, particularly concerning love and fate.

Robert Burns' 1785 poem Halloween offers a vivid record of these customs. Young men and women would:

• Burn nuts to test romantic compatibility ("If they burn together, the couple will marry").
• Sow hempseed while reciting charms, hoping to see their future spouse.
• Pull kale stalks blindfolded, the size and shape foretelling future partners.
• Throw yarn into chimneys, awaiting the voice of a lover from the dark.
• Gaze into mirrors or wells, to catch a glimpse of a spectral bride or groom.

These were not frivolous games. In 1802, a girl named Isobel Carr died of shock after performing the hempseed rite and allegedly seeing a phantom. Her death was widely reported and framed as a tragic example of superstition's dangers.

A Time of Spirits and the Dead

Throughout the 19th century, antiquarians documented a rich variety of Halloween customs across Britain and Ireland:

• In Lancashire, witches were believed to gather at Malkin Tower on Halloween.
• In Ireland, people lit candles on grave mounds and offered food for the dead.
• In St Kilda, a silent ceremony was performed on the beach, invoking the sea god Shony to bless the coming year.

Ghosts, fairies, and ancestral spirits were believed to walk abroad. Halloween was not about horror, it was a night of reverence, contact, and risk. It was also closely related to All Souls’ Day, when prayers were said for the dead and cakes shared in their memory.

The End of the Old Halloween

By the early 20th century, Halloween was in decline. A 1934 newspaper article lamented:

"The venerable and natural Halloween is gone... It belonged to a pastoral and humble civilisation... It is a great pity that Halloween should have become an anachronism, as it was bound to follow the stagecoach and the plough-ox."

In an age of urban distraction and industrial time, the seasonal, sacred, and sensual experience of Halloween faded. It was revived in the 20th century, but primarily as a child-focused American import, stripped of its depth.

Conclusion: A Return to Meaning?

The history of Halloween is not just about ghosts and games. It is the story of how people once marked time, honoured the dead, and asked the universe to reveal their fate. Today, as interest grows in reconnecting with ancestral traditions and seasonal rhythms, perhaps it's time to revisit the deeper roots of Halloween, not to reject fun and costume, but to restore the soul of the festival.

Let the fire be lit again.